Early voting
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| Select a state from the menu below to learn more about its voting policies. |
Early voting permits citizens to cast ballots in person at a polling place prior to an election. In states that permit no-excuse early voting, a voter does not have to provide an excuse for being unable to vote on Election Day. Some states allow voters to cast absentee ballots in person. States that allow in-person absentee voting without an excuse are counted below among no-excuse early voting states.
To see the arguments for and against early voting , click here.
The most important step in voting is knowing where and when to vote. Ballotpedia is committed to making sure everyone who wants to vote, can vote. Check the list of states below to find the contact information for your state Election Commission or Secretary of State's office. This information can be used to find more information about signing up for early voting or finding your local polling place.
Click here to see a comprehensive list of states that allow early voting.
Click here to find the contact information for your state election commission or secretary of state.
Click here for a list of upcoming election dates.
Click here for a list of frequently asked questions and answers.
Early voting by state
As of Februrary 2024, 47 states and the District of Columbia permitted no-excuse early voting in some form:[1]
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- District of Columbia
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware*
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
*Note: On Feb. 23, 2024, Delaware Superior Court judge Mark Conner ruled that early voting was unconstitutional in the state, saying that the laws are "inconsistent with our constitution and therefore cannot stand." As of Feb. 29, lawmakers have introduced legislation, SB3, to restore in-person early voting.
States with all-mail voting
- See also: All-mail voting
Eight states – California, Colorado, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, and Washington – conduct what are commonly referred to as all-mail elections. In these states, voting is conducted primarily, although not necessarily exclusively, by mail. These states allow for in-person early voting by default (generally by allowing voters to return their mail-in ballots in person at municipal-level offices or vote centers).
Frequently asked questions
Support and opposition
The following quotes briefly summarize arguments for and against early voting. See our page, Arguments for and against early voting, for detailed support and opposition arguments from a variety of sources.
| Arguments for and against early voting | |||||||
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| Support | Opposition | ||||||
| "Early voting eases Election Day congestion, leading to shorter lines and improved poll-worker performance. It allows election officials to correct registration errors and fix voting system glitches earlier. And polling has shown that early voting enjoys popular support. ... [S]tarting in 2011, lawmakers in some states have sought to cut back on early voting. In many cases, these reductions have targeted voting days used heavily in African-American communities, such as the last Sunday before the election, when churches organize 'souls to the polls' drives. States that cut back on early voting have faced lawsuits and some rulings that the changes were discriminatory." - The Brennan Center for Justice (2018)[2] |
"Although voters may find early voting convenient, turnout data show that early voting may actually decrease turnout, not increase it. Early voting raises the costs of political campaigns, since expensive get-out-the-vote efforts must be spread out over a longer period of time. There is also no question that when voters cast their ballots weeks before Election Day, they do so without the same access to knowledge about the candidates and the issues as those who vote on Election Day. When there are late-breaking developments in campaigns that could be important to the choices made by voters, those who have voted early cannot change their votes." - Hans von Spakovsky of The Heritage Foundation (2017)[3]
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Upcoming election dates
| State | District | Description | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| What's on your ballot? Enter your address into Ballotpedia's Sample Ballot Lookup tool to find out! | |||
| Delaware | Milford | Milford, Del., municipal general election | April 27, 2024 |
| Louisiana | East Baton Rouge County | Special election | April 27, 2024 |
| Louisiana | Elton | Recall in Elton | April 27, 2024 |
| Utah | Utah state party convention date | Utah state party convention date | April 27, 2024 |
| Utah | Utah State Senate District 12 | Special convention for Utah State Senate District 12 | April 27, 2024 |
| Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico Democratic Party-administered presidential preference primary | Puerto Rico Democratic Party-administered presidential preference primary | April 28, 2024 |
| Alabama | Alabama House of Representatives District 27 | Special primary runoff for Alabama House of Representatives District 27 | April 30, 2024 |
| Delaware | Clayton | Clayton, Del., general municipal elections | April 30, 2024 |
| Delaware | Smyrna | Smyrna, Del., general municipal elections | April 30, 2024 |
| Minnesota | Hennepin County Commission District 6 | Special primary for Hennepin County Commission District 6 | April 30, 2024 |
| New York | New York District 26 | Special general election for U.S. House New York District 26 | April 30, 2024 |
| Oregon | Clatsop County | Recall election | April 30, 2024 |
| South Carolina | South Carolina Libertarian Party convention | South Carolina Libertarian Party convention | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Allen Independent School District | Allen Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Arlington | General election for Arlington, Texas | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Arlington Independent School District | Arlington Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Austin | Special election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Canutillo Independent School District | Special election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District | Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Castleberry Independent School District | Castleberry Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Clear Creek Independent School District | Clear Creek Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Coppell Independent School District | Coppell Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Crowley Independent School District | Crowley Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Dallas County | General election in Dallas County, Texas | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Dallas Independent School District | Dallas Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Eanes Independent School District | Eanes Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Edinburg Consolidated Independent School District | Edinburg Consolidated Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Everman Independent School District | Everman Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Forney Independent School District | Forney Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Fort Bend Independent School District | Fort Bend Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Fort Worth | General election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Frenship Independent School District | Frenship Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Frisco Independent School District | Frisco Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Galena Park Independent School District | Galena Park Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Garland | General election in Garland, Texas | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Hays Consolidated Independent School District | Hays Consolidated Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Irving | General election in Irving, Texas | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Katy Independent School District | Katy Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Keller Independent School District | Keller Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Killeen Independent School District | Killeen Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Lancaster Independent School District | Lancaster Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Lewisville Independent School District | Lewisville Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Lubbock | General election in Lubbock, Texas | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Lubbock-Cooper Independent School District | Lubbock-Cooper Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Lubbock Independent School District | Lubbock Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Mansfield Independent School District | Mansfield Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Mesquite Independent School District | Mesquite Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Mineral Wells | Recall in Mineral Wells | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | New Deal Independent School District | New Deal Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | North East Independent School District | North East Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | North East Independent School District school board District 2 | Special election for North East Independent School District school board District 2 | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Northwest Independent School District | Northwest Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Nueces County | Nueces County, Texas, uniform election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Pflugerville Independent School District | Pflugerville Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Rockport-Fulton Independent School District | Aransas County Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Rockwall Independent School District | Rockwall Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Roosevelt Independent School District | Roosevelt Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Southwest Independent School District | Southwest Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Spring Branch Independent School District | Spring Branch Independent School District general election | May 4, 2024 |
| Texas | Texas State Senate District 15 | Special general election for Texas State Senate District 15 | May 4, 2024 |
| California | Contra Costa County | Contra Costa County special election | May 7, 2024 |
| California | Marin County | Marin County, California, special election | May 7, 2024 |
| California | Plumas County | Special election | May 7, 2024 |
| Georgia | Bowman | Recall election | May 7, 2024 |
| Georgia | Georgia House of Representatives District 139 | Special general election runoff for Georgia House of Representatives District 139 | May 7, 2024 |
| Indiana | Indiana statewide/presidential preference primary | Indiana statewide/presidential preference primary | May 7, 2024 |
| Michigan | Bangor | Bangor, Mich., general municipal election | May 7, 2024 |
| Michigan | Camden-Frontier Schools | Camden-Frontier Schools Board of Education recall election | May 7, 2024 |
| Michigan | Delta County | Special election | May 7, 2024 |
| Michigan | Flint | Recall election | May 7, 2024 |
| Michigan | Grant Public School District | Grant Public School District recall election | May 7, 2024 |
| Michigan | Lansing | Lansing, Mich., charter commission election | May 7, 2024 |
| Michigan | Mackinac Island | Mackinac Island, Mich., general municipal election | May 7, 2024 |
| Michigan | Muskegon Heights | Muskegon Heights, Mich., special election | May 7, 2024 |
| Michigan | Ottawa County | Recall election | May 7, 2024 |
| Michigan | Yates (Lake County) | Marilyn Burns recall election | May 7, 2024 |
| Michigan | Ypsilanti | Recall election | May 7, 2024 |
| South Carolina | Jenkinsville | Jenkinsville, S.C., municipal elections | May 7, 2024 |
| South Carolina | Windsor | Windsor, S.C., municipal elections | May 7, 2024 |
| Alaska | Anchorage | Anchorage mayoral general runoff election | May 14, 2024 |
| Arkansas | Pocahontas | Pocahontas, Ark., special mayoral election | May 14, 2024 |
| Delaware | Delaware | Delaware statewide school board general elections | May 14, 2024 |
| Maryland | Maryland statewide/presidential preference primary | Maryland statewide/presidential preference primary | May 14, 2024 |
| Minnesota | Hennepin County Commission District 6 | Special general election for Hennepin County Commission District 6 | May 14, 2024 |
| Minnesota | Robbinsdale | Robbinsdale, Minn., special municipal primary | May 14, 2024 |
| North Carolina | North Carolina | North Carolina statewide primary runoff | May 14, 2024 |
| Nebraska | Nebraska statewide/presidential preference primary | Nebraska statewide/presidential preference primary | May 14, 2024 |
| Nebraska | Nebraska | Nebraska special U.S. Senate primary | May 14, 2024 |
| Nebraska | Westside Community Schools | Westside Community Schools general election | May 14, 2024 |
| South Carolina | Bonneau | General election for town council in Bonneau, S.C. | May 14, 2024 |
| South Carolina | Cottageville | Special election for town council in Cottageville, S.C. | May 14, 2024 |
| South Carolina | Greenwood | General election for school board in Greenwood, S.C. | May 14, 2024 |
| South Carolina | Paxville | Special election for town council in Paxville, S.C. | May 14, 2024 |
| South Carolina | Spartanburg | General election for Commissioner of Public Works in Spartanburg, S.C. | May 14, 2024 |
| South Carolina | Summerton | Special election for town council in Summerton, S.C. | May 14, 2024 |
| West Virginia | West Virginia statewide/presidential preference primary | West Virginia statewide/presidential preference primary | May 14, 2024 |
| California | California District 20 | Special general for U.S. House California District 20 | May 21, 2024 |
| Florida | Orlando City Council Commissioner District 5 | General election | May 21, 2024 |
| Georgia | Georgia statewide primary | Georgia statewide primary | May 21, 2024 |
| Georgia | Georgia | Georgia nonpartisan general election | May 21, 2024 |
| Idaho | Idaho statewide primary | Idaho statewide primary | May 21, 2024 |
| Idaho | Kamiah | Betty Heater recall election | May 21, 2024 |
| Kentucky | Kentucky statewide/presidential preference primary | Kentucky statewide/presidential preference primary | May 21, 2024 |
| Kentucky | Montgomery County Schools | Montgomery County Schools, Ky., special election | May 21, 2024 |
| New York | Lackawanna City School District | General election for Lackawanna City School District | May 21, 2024 |
| Oregon | Multnomah County Commission District 2 | Special primary election for Multnomah County Commission District 2 | May 21, 2024 |
| Oregon | Oregon statewide/presidential preference primary | Oregon statewide/presidential preference primary | May 21, 2024 |
| Idaho | Idaho Democratic Party-administered presidential caucus | Idaho Democratic Party-administered presidential caucus | May 23, 2024 |
| United States | Libertarian National Convention | May 25, 2024 | |
Note: An election date on the above list may have been scheduled initially but later canceled due to a lack of candidates or a lack of races advancing to a runoff, if applicable.
Early voting legislation
The table below lists bills related to early voting registration introduced during, or carried over to each state's regular legislative session this year. The following information is included for each bill:
- State
- Bill number
- Official name or caption
- Most recent action date
- Legislative status
- Topics dealt with by the bill
Bills are organized alphabetically, first by state and then by bill number. The table displays up to 100 results by default. To view additional results, use the arrows in the upper-right corner of the table. For more information about a particular bill, simply click the bill number. This will open a separate page with additional information.
Noteworthy events
This section summarizes noteworthy events related to early voting.
Delaware (2024)
On Feb. 23, 2024, Delaware Superior Court judge Mark Conner ruled that early voting was unconstitutional in the state, saying that the laws are "inconsistent with our constitution and therefore cannot stand."[4][5] Article V, Section 1 of the Delaware Constitution says, "The general election shall be held biennially on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November." Judge Conner ruled that, "Any enactment of the General Assembly that provides for casting ballots on other days than that day enumerated by Article V, Section 1, unless permitted elsewhere Article V, runs afoul of and is inconsistent with the Constitution."[6]
On Feb. 27, Attorney General Kathy Jennings announced that she would appeal the decision to the Delaware Supreme Court and said, "We will file our appeal quickly and intend to request a decision from the Delaware Supreme Court so that voters have final clarity in time for the September primaries."[7] On Feb. 29, lawmakers introduced legislation, SB3, to amend the state's constitution and restore in-person early voting.
Lawmakers originally established early in-person voting by passing HB38 in 2019. Delaware Governor John Carney (D) signed HB38 on June 30, 2019, which established in-person early voting beginning January 1, 2022. The law allowed voters to vote "in-person during at least 10 days before an election, up to and including the Saturday and Sunday immediately before the election at locations determined by the State Election Commissioner."[8][9]
According to Senate Bill 149, which was signed into law on July 21, 2023, Sundays do not have to be included in the early voting period for presidential preference primaries.[10]
Iowa (2018)
On August 10, 2018, the Iowa Supreme Court ruled on several provisions of HF 516, which called for shortening the state's early voting period from 40 to 29 days along with other provisions related to voting, including voter ID requirements. Concerning the early voting period, the court lifted an injunction put in place by a district court. The court did not provide their reasoning in the order.[11]
On May 30, 2018, the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) of Iowa and Taylor Blair, a student at Iowa State University, filed suit in the Iowa District Court for Polk County against Secretary of State Paul Pate (R) alleging that HF 516 illegally impaired the ability of Iowans to vote.
On July 24, 2018, the district court granted the plaintiffs' request for temporary injunctions against several parts of HF 516, including the provision shortening the early voting period, saying that provision would cause irreparable harm to those unable to vote in the 29-day period. The case proceeded to the Iowa Supreme Court, which lifted the injunction.[12]
Florida (2018)
On July 24, 2018, a federal judge barred enforcement of a Florida rule, established by Secretary of State Ken Detzner in 2014, prohibiting the use of college campus sites as early voting locations. The rule stated that educational facilities did not meet state law definitions for early voting sites.[13]
Judge Mark E. Walker of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida wrote the following in his order: "Simply put, Defendant's Opinion [i.e., Florida's rule barring early voting on college campuses] reveals a stark pattern of discrimination. It is unexplainable on grounds other than age because it bears so heavily on younger voters than all other voters. ... The Opinion is intentionally and facially discriminatory." Walker barred the secretary of state from enforcing the 2014 rule, though he did not order election officials to designate early voting sites on college campuses, leaving such action to the discretion of local officials.[13][14]
Ohio (2014-2016)
On August 23, 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit upheld an Ohio law reducing the state's early voting period from 35 days to 29 days.[15]
On February 21, 2014, Governor John Kasich signed into law two bills that altered the state's early and absentee voting provisions. Senate Bill 238 shortened the early voting period by a week, thereby eliminating "Golden Week," a period during which state residents could register and vote on the same day. Senate Bill 205 established a requirement that the secretary of state obtain funding approval from the legislature before mailing absentee ballot applications statewide.[16]
The NAACP and other groups filed a lawsuit seeking to block enforcement of Senate Bill 238. A federal district court placed an injunction on SB 238's provisions, then the U.S. Supreme Court ruled to stay the injunction, putting the law into effect. On April 17, 2015, the parties involved agreed to a settlement. The terms of the settlement included the restoration of one day of voting on Sunday, additional weekday evening voting hours, and the elimination of "Golden Week."[17]
The Ohio Democratic Party, along with two local parties and three individuals, challenged the version of the law that was revised based on the 2015 settlement. A district court issued an injunction barring implementation of the law on May 24, 2016, ruling that the law created a disparate burden on African-American voters. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed the ruling on August 23, 2016, ruling that the change to 29 days of early voting remained generous and that it did not violate the Voting Rights Act.[15]
North Carolina (2013-2016)
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit struck down several provisions of a North Carolina law, including a provision shortening the state's early voting period, on July 29, 2016.[18]
On July 25, 2013, the North Carolina Legislature passed a law with several provisions related to voting, including voter ID requirements and shortening the early voting period from 17 days to 10 days. Governor Pat McCrory (R) signed the bill into law on August 12, 2013. A number of lawsuits opposing the law were filed, and the cases were consolidated in a case brought before the District Court of the Middle District of North Carolina. The suits alleged that the law discriminated against minority groups. North Carolina was the first state to approve new voting laws after the United States Supreme Court struck down portions of the federal Voting Rights Act in June 2013.[19][20]
The district court upheld the provisions of the law, ruling that the provisions did not place a discriminatory burden on African Americans and that the state had other reasons beyond discriminatory intent for imposing the provisions.[21] The plaintiffs in the case appealed.
On July 29, 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit struck down the shortened early voting period and the state's photo ID requirement along with other provisions, ruling that the state legislature had enacted them with racially discriminatory intent. On May 15, 2017, the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear the state's appeal, letting the Fourth Circuit's decision stand.[18]
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The Ballot Bulletin
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See also
External links
- National Conference of State Legislatures, Voting Outside the Polling Place: Absentee, All-Mail and Other Voting at Home Options
- The Washington Times, Eight reasons for halting early voting
- Brennan Center for Justice, Early Voting: What Works
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 National Conference of State Legislatures, "Early In-Person Voting," March 23, 2023 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ncslabsentee" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Brennan Center for Justice, "Democracy: An Election Agenda for Candidates, Activists, and Legislators," May 4, 2018
- ↑ The Heritage Foundation, "The Costs of Early Voting," October 3, 2017
- ↑ Delaware Online, "Delaware lawmakers consider options after court tosses out early voting, mail-in ballots," February 27, 2024
- ↑ ABC News, "Delaware's early voting and permanent absentee laws are unconstitutional, a judge says," February 26, 2024
- ↑ ABC News, "Mennella, et al. v. Albence, et al., C.A. No. S23C-03-014 MHC " February 23, 2024
- ↑ Attorney General, State of Delaware, "Attorney General Jennings’ comments on Superior Court’s voting ruling (as prepared)," February 27, 2024
- ↑ Delaware.gov, "Governor Carney Signs Early Voting Legislation," June 30, 2019
- ↑ Delaware General Assembly, "House Bill 38," accessed April 6, 2023
- ↑ Delaware General Assembly, "Senate Bill 149," accessed July 31, 2023
- ↑ The Gazette, "Iowa voter ID ruling: Early voting period stands at 29 days, high court says," August 10, 2018
- ↑ Iowa District Court for Polk County, "League of United Latin American Citizens of Iowa v. Pate: Ruling on Plaintiffs' Motion for a Temporary Injunction," July 24, 2018
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida, "League of Women Voters of Florida v. Detzner: Order Granting Plaintiffs' Motion for Preliminary Injunction," July 24, 2018
- ↑ Tampa Bay Times, "Judge: Florida’s early voting-on-campus ban shows ‘stark pattern of discrimination,’" July 24, 2018
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Leagle, "Ohio Democratic Party v. Husted," August 23, 2016
- ↑ The Columbus Dispatch, "Kasich signs both elections bills; 'livid' FitzGerald may take action," February 22, 2014
- ↑ MSNBC, "Settlement reverses some cuts to Ohio early voting," April 17, 2015
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Ballot Access News, "U.S. Supreme Court Refuses to Hear All Four Election Law Cases that had Been on Conference Last Week," May 15, 2017
- ↑ CBS News, "N.C. sued soon after voter ID bill signed into law," August 13, 2013
- ↑ Politico, "Justice Department challenges North Carolina voter ID law," September 30, 2013
- ↑ Harvard Law Review, "North Carolina State Conference of the NAACP v. McCrory," April 10, 2017
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